“There never will be anything more interesting in America than that Civil War never.” – Gertrude Stein
- Time: TU/TH, 12:30-1:50 p.m.
- Place: CENTER 212
- Prof. Plant’s office: HSS 4062
- Office hours: Tuesdays, 9:30 – 11:30 a.m.
- email: rjp@ucsd.edu
It is impossible to overstate the importance of the Civil War and Reconstruction in shaping modern U.S. history. By settling the question of whether the Union, long strained by sectional differences, would endure, the war set the stage for the nation’s eventual emergence as a major world power. In the process, the war ended the practice slavery within the United States, enhanced the authority of the federal government over that of the individual states, dramatically shifted the balance of power between North and South, disrupted the global economy, and changed the course of countless individual lives.
Taking 1850 as our starting point, we will first probe some of the major causes of the Civil War. We will analyze how, over the course of the decade, competing world views hardened in response to a series of legislative, legal, and political acts. As tensions mounted, the existing party system frayed and collapsed, paving the way for the rise of the Republicans and Abraham Lincoln’s election in 1860, as well as the secessionist movement in the South. We will then study how both regions mobilized for war, and how the war’s goals, conduct, and meaning changed over time. Topics to be explored include: the motivations ordinary soldiers; the foreign diplomacy of both the Union and Confederacy; developments in military technology and warfare; the experiences of slaves who liberated themselves by fleeing to Union lines; mounting dissent in both the North and South as the conflict dragged on; and how Americans responded to the mass suffering and death the war wrought. The final two weeks focus on the history of Reconstruction and the memory of the Civil War. We will discuss how various factions competed to control the emergence of a new social order in South and investigate why freedmen’s and women’s attempts to gain political equality, legal rights, and economic security ultimately failed. Finally, the course concludes with an exploration of how the war came to be remembered and memorialized in the late 19th century in ways that fostered sectional reconciliation at the expense of racial justice.
Ground rules: You are not permitted to use phones in class. I do allow the use of laptops, but I ask that you disable wifi while in class. People who choose to use laptops should sit on the right side of the room, and those who do not want to be distracted by laptops should sit on the left side. I understand that for some people laptops are preferable or necessary, but if that is not the case for you, I encourage you to take notes by hand. Studies have shown that, overall, even those students who use laptops only for note taking (rather than, say, surfing the web) perform worse when answering conceptual questions. This is because when you take notes on a laptop, you are more inclined to simply transcribe rather than processing information as you write. See “To Remember a Lecture Better, Take Notes by Hand.”
Academic integrity: I take the issue of academic integrity very seriously and will report all suspected cases of cheating or plagiarism. Indeed, as a UCSD professor, I am required by the Office of the Academic Integrity Coordinator to file a report if I suspected such activity has occurred. Please do not make me take this step. (See the “Instructors’ Responsibility” and “Students’ Responsibility” sections of the University’s Academic Integrity Statement.) Plagiarism is not limited to the most flagrant examples of cutting and pasting material from the web. Any time you take a sentence, or even a phrase, from another person’s work without using quotation marks and providing proper attribution, you are plagiarizing. When you write a paper, the best way to avoid plagiarism is to do all the necessary reading, including online reading, before you begin to write. Once you start, you should not go online again until the paper is done. If you have any questions as to what is or is not plagiarism, please review the attached MLA statement. If you still have questions, please contact me.
Teaching + Learning Commons offers the following services to help you with your writing:
- One-on-one writing tutoring by appointment, 6 days/week
- Supportive, in-depth conversations about writing, the writing process, and writing skills
- Help with every stage in the writing process
- Walk-in tutoring (Mon-Thurs 5pm-7pm, and by availability)
Late paper policy: I will accept late papers without penalty only if an extension is requested by email at least seven days in advance of the due date. Otherwise, a letter grade will be deducted for each day beyond the due date.
Reading: Please have the day’s reading completed before you come to class. All course readings either have active links below or can be accessed through e-reserves. Unless you do all of your reading on-campus, you must establish a connection to the library’s proxy server — please do this immediately. The people at the library will help you if you encounter problems.
Course requirements:
- Short writing assignment (15%).
- In-class midterm (25%). The midterm will consist of a series of short answer questions. Short answer questions require a long paragraph or two in response.
- Final project (30%).
- Final examination (30%).
Grading: 97-100 = A+; 94-96 = A; 90-93 = A-; 87-89 = B+; 84-86 = B; 80-83 = B-; 77-79 = C+; 74-76 = C; 70-73 = C-; etc. Grading for this class will not be on a scale.
Contacting Prof. Plant: Aside from stopping by during office hours, email is definitely the best way to contact me. Here are my “Rules for emailing Prof. Plant”: Please do not email me with questions that are answered on this syllabus. It is okay to email me a second time if you do not hear back from me within 36-48 hours. I get a lot of email and sometimes things fall through the cracks, so don’t think you are bothering me by sending a second message. Also, if it is a true emergency, please mark “high priority” when you email me. And one final rule: I am old-school and don’t like receiving email messages that read like text messages. At the very least, use a salutation!
COURSE SCHEDULE
Week 1: The Legacy of Slavery and Competing World Views
1/8 Lecture 1: “Somehow the cause of the war”: Slavery
- Julian Maxwell Hayter, “Charlottesville was about memory, not monuments,” Washington Post, August 10, 2018
- Jelani Cobb, “Charlottesville and the Trouble with Civil War Hypotheticals,” New Yorker, August 16, 2017
1/10 Lecture 2: A Hardening of Views: Proslavery v. Free Labor Ideologies
- James M. McPherson, “And the War Came,” chap. 1 of McPherson, This Mighty Scourge: Perspectives on the Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007), 3-20 (e-reserves; 17 pages)
- Drew Faust, “The Proslavery Argument in History,” introduction to Faust, The Ideology of Slavery: Proslavery Thought in the Antebellum South (Baton Rouge: LSU Press, 1981), 1-20 (e-reserves; 19 pages)
- Eric Foner, “Free Labor: The Republicans and Northern Society,” chap. 1 of Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party before the Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1971), 11-29 (e-reserves; 18 pages)
- John C. Calhoun, “Speech on Slavery,” U.S. Senate, Congressional Globe, 24th Congress, 2nd Sess. (February 6, 1837), 157–59
- William Lloyd Garrison, “Declaration of Sentiments of the American Anti-Slavery Convention” (December 6, 1833)
Week 2: Rising Sectionalism and the Origins of the War
1/15 Lecture 3: Coming Apart: Political Crises of the 1850s
- James Oliver Horton and Lois Horton, “Federal Assault: African Americans and the Impact of the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850,” Chicago-Kent Law Review 68:3 (January 1992): 1179-97 (18 pages)
- Paul Finkelman, “Dred Scott v. Sandford,” in Melvin I. Urofsky, ed., The Public Debate over Controversial Supreme Court Decisions, CQ Press, 2006, 24-33 (9 pages)
1/17 Lecture 4: Prelude to War: The 1860 Election and Secession
- Jon Grinspan, “‘Young Men for War’: The Wide Awakes and Lincoln’s 1860 Presidential Campaign,” Journal of American History 96 (September 2009): 357-78 (21 pages; e-reserves)
- Stephen A. Douglas, excerpt from the first Lincoln-Douglas debate (August 21, 1858)
- Abraham Lincoln, excerpt from the first Lincoln-Douglas debate (August 21, 1858)
- Jefferson Davis’ speech to the U.S. Senate upon withdrawing from the Union (January 21, 1861)
- Abraham Lincoln’s First Inaugural Address (March 4, 1861)
Week 3: Soldiers’ Motivation and the Fight to Restore the Union
1/22 Lecture 5: Mobilizing for War
- James M. McPherson, “On the Altar of My Country,” chap. 7 of For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997) (e-reserves; 13 pages)
- Lorien Foote, “Rich Man’s War, Rich Man’s Fight: Class, Ideology, and Discipline in the Union Army,” Civil War History 51 (2005): 269-287 (e-reserves; 18 pages)
- Aaron Sheehan-Dean, “Everyman’s War: Confederate Enlistment in Civil War Virginia,” Civil War History 50 (2004), 5-26 (e-reserves; 21 pages)
- Thavolia Gymph, “Noncombatant Military Laborers in the Civil War,” OAH Magazine of History 22(2012): 25-29
1/24 Lecture 6: The First Two Years
- Mark Grimsley, “Conciliation and Its Failure, 1861-1862,” Civil War History 39:4 (December 1993): 317-335 (e-reserves; 18 pages)
- David A. Nichols, “The Other Civil War: Lincoln and the Indians,” Minnesota History 44:1 (Spring 1974): 2-15 (e-reserves; 13 pages)
Week 4: Toward a Revolutionary War
1/29 Lecture 7: The War for Foreign Support
- James McPherson, “The Saratoga That Wasn’t: The Impact of Antietam Abroad,” in This Mighty Scourge: Perspectives on the Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007), 65-77 (e-reserves; 12 pages)
1/31 Lecture 8: Military and Political Turning Points
- Eric Foner, “Lincoln and Colonization,” in Foner, ed., Our Lincoln: New Perspectives on Lincoln and His World (New York: W.W. Norton, 2008), 135-66 (e-reserves; 31 pages)
- Manisha Sinha, “Allies for Emancipation? Black Abolitionists and Abraham Lincoln”
- The Emancipation Proclamation (January 1, 1863)
- Gettysburg Address (November 19, 1863)
Week 5: The War’s Emotional Toll
2/5 Lecture 9: Trauma, Suffering and Death in Civil War America
- Frances M. Clarke, “So Lonesome I Could Die: Nostalgia and Debates Over Emotional Control in the Civil War North,” Journal Of Social History 41:2 (2007): 253-282 (e-reserves; 29 pages)
- Read excerpt and listen to interview with Drew Faust about her book, This Republic of Suffering
- David Hacker, “Recounting the Dead,” New York Times, September 20, 2011
- Nicholas Marshall, “The Civil War Death Toll, Reconsidered,” New York Times, April 15, 2014
- Jim Downs, Introduction, Sick from Freedom: African American Illness and Suffering in the Civil War and Reconstruction (New York: Oxford University Press, 2012), 3-17 (e-reserves; 15 pages)
- Interview of Jim Downs by Robin Lindley, “Civil War and Emancipation the ‘Greatest Biological Catastrophe of the Nineteenth Century’”
2/7 MIDTERM (MUST REMEMBER TO BRING A BLUE BOOK)
Week 6: Experiences of African Americans and Women
2/12 Lecture 10: African Americans’ Struggle for Freedom and Citizenship
- Ira Berlin, “The Black Military Experience, 1861-1867,” in Ira Berlin, et al., Slaves No More: Three Essays on Emancipation and the Civil War (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992): 189-233 (e-reserves; 41 pages)
- Chandra Manning, “Working for Citizenship in Civil War Contraband Camps,” Civil War Era 4:2 (June 2014): 172-204 (e-reserves; 34 pages)
2/14 Lecture 11: Women’s Voluntary Activities
Week 7: The Homefront and the Strains of War
2/19 NO CLASS
2/21 Lecture 12: Dissent in the North
- Joan E. Cashin, “Deserters, Civilians, and Draft Resistance in the North,” in The War Was You and Me: Civilians in the American Civil War, edited by Joan E. Cashin (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2002), 262-285 (e-reserves; 23 pages)
- Stephanie McCurry, “Women Numerous and Armed: Gender and the Politics of Subsistence in the Civil War South,” in Joan Waugh and Gary Gallagher, eds., Wars within a War: Controversy and Conflict over the American Civil War (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2009), 1-26 (e-reserves; 25 pages)
- Lisa Laskin, “’The army is not near so much demoralized as the country is’: Soldiers in the Army of Northern Virginia and the Confederate home front,” in Aaron Sheehan-Dean, ed., The View from the Ground: Experiences of Civil War Soldiers (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2007), 91-120 (e-reserves; 29 pages)
Week 8: The Hard Hand of War
2/26 Lecture 13: Vicksburg and the Limits of Confederate Nationalism
- Bruce A. Ragsdale, Ex Parte Merryman and Debates on Civil Liberties during the Civil War, 1-9, 14-15, 32-35,
- Brian R. Dirck, “Posterity’s Blush: Civil Liberties, Property Rights, and Property Confiscation in the Confederacy,” Civil War History 48 (2002), 237-256 (e-reserves; 19 pages)
2/28 Lecture 14: Military Campaigns of 1864-65 and the Changing Nature of Warfare
- Lance Janda, “Shutting the Gates of Mercy: The American Origins of Total War, 1860-1880,” Journal of Military History 59:1 (1995): 7-26 (e-reserves; 19 pages)
- Mark E. Neely, Jr., “Was the Civil War a Total War?” Civil War History 50:4 (December 2004): 434-58 (e-reserves; 24 pages)
- Diary extracts from Robert Manson Myers, ed., The Children of Pride: A True Story of Georgia and the Civil War (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1972), 1220-48 (e-reserves; 28 pages)
- Correspondence Pertaining to Sherman’s Evacuation of Atlanta (September 1864)
Week 9: Reconstruction
3/5 Lecture 15: Presidential Reconstruction
- Abraham Lincoln, “The Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction” (December 8, 1864)
- Abraham Lincoln, Second Inaugural Address (March 4, 1865)
- Affidavit of Roda Ann Childs, wife of black Union veteran (September 25, 1866)
- Jourdon Anderson, “To My Old Master” (August 7, 1865)
- Mississippi Black Code (November 1865)
- Letter from a black Mississippian, Pvt. Calvin Holly, to Major General O. O. Howard, the Freedmen’s Bureau Commissioner (December 16, 1865)
3/7 Lecture 16: Radical Reconstruction
- Hannah Rosen, “Testifying to Violence,” chap. 6 in Terror in the Heart of Freedom: Citizenship, Sexual Violence, and the Meaning of Race in the Postemancipation South (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2009), 222-42 (e-reserves; 20 pages)
Week 10: Sectional Reconciliation and Its Costs
3/12 Lecture 17: Losing the Peace?
- Frederick Douglas, Decoration Day Speech (May 1871)
- David W. Blight, “‘For Something beyond the Battlefield’: Frederick Douglass and the Struggle for the Memory of the Civil War,” Journal of American History 75: 4 (March 1989): 1156-78 (e-reserves; 22 pages)
- Judith Ann Giesberg, “‘To Forget and Forgive’: Reconstructing the Nation in the Post-Civil War Classroom,” Civil War History 52:3 (September 2006): 282-302 (e-reserves; 20 pages)
3/14 Lecture 18: The Politics of Memory
FINAL PROJECTS DUE
- Yael Sternhell, “The Afterlives of a Confederate Archive: Civil War Documents and the Making of Sectional Reconciliation,” Journal of American History 102:4 (2006): 1025-50 (e-reserves; 25 pages)
- David A. Graham, “The Spreading Opposition to Confederate Symbols,” The Atlantic Monthly, June 23, 2015
3/19 FINAL EXAMINATION, 11:30 a.m. – 2:30 p.m.
Helpful Resource:
Timeline of events from 1859 to 1865 (Smithsonian Institution)